Learn to Code

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"Learn to Code" was a slogan and a series of public influence campaigns during the 2010s that encouraged the development of computer programming skills in an economy increasingly centered on information technology. The campaigns led to endorsements from politicians, the inclusion of programming in state school curricula, and the proliferation of coding bootcamps. Learning to code has a long history, with moments of enthusiasm and anxiety about computational literacy and the best methods to learn programming skills. A backlash erupted in 2019 in the form of online harassment of laid-off American journalists. The notion of code literacy — that is, computer programming as an element of primary or liberal education — has been traced to Alan Perlis's 1962 essay "The Computer in the University." Perlis called for a course in the first two years of college in which students would write or observe a large number of programs. John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz created the BASIC programming language in support of this goal, and the Logo language was introduced as a tool for early-childhood education. Follow-up research found little evidence of the predicted cognitive benefits of programming education, and the rise of the software industry and graphical user interfaces caused educational focus to shift in the 1990s toward end-user skills. Computers were also expensive, limiting the integration of coding skills into the school curriculum. By 1995, there were approximately three computers for every 30 children in American schools.