.22 long

The .22 long is a variety of .22 caliber (5.6 mm) rimfire ammunition. The .22 long is the second-oldest of the surviving rimfire cartridges, dating back to 1871, when it was loaded with a 29 gr (1.9 g) bullet and 5 gr (0.32 g) of black powder, 25% more than the .22 short on which it was based. It was designed for use in revolvers, but was soon chambered in rifles as well, in which it gained a reputation as a small game cartridge. In 1887, the .22 long case was combined with the heavier 40 gr (2.6 g) bullet of the .22 extra long of 1880 to produce the .22 long rifle, giving a longer overall length and a higher muzzle energy. Many firearms designed for the .22 long rifle will chamber and fire the shorter round, though the .22 long generally does not generate sufficient energy to operate semi-automatic guns. The one prominent survivor of the .22 long is the .22 CB long, a long-cased version of the .22 CB. The original .22 long loading used the same powder charge as the .22 long rifle, .22 long bullet was significantly lighter, but it did not result in higher velocities for the .22 long when fired from a rifle. The large barrel volume to chamber volume ratio of a .22 rimfire rifle means that the powder gasses have expanded as far as they can before the bullet reaches the muzzle of a normal-length rifle barrel, and the light .22 long bullet has less inertia than the .22 long rifle. The quieter report and lower penetration of the .22 long cartridge were often seen as desirable qualities. The .22 long rifle performs as well in a short handgun barrel as the .22 long, and outperforms it in a long rifle...