Altruism

Altruism is concern for the well-being and life of others independently of personal benefit or reciprocity. The word altruism was popularised (and possibly coined) by the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857) c. 1830 in French, as altruisme, as an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri, meaning "other people" or "somebody else". Altruism may be considered a synonym of selflessness, the opposite of self-centeredness. Altruism is an important moral value in many cultures, ideologies, and religions. It can expand beyond care for humans to include consideration for other sentient beings and future generations. Altruism in biology, as observed in populations of organisms, is when an individual performs an action at a cost to itself (in terms of e.g. pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction) that benefits, directly or indirectly, another individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action. The theory of psychological egoism suggests that no act of sharing, helping, or sacrificing can be "truly" altruistic, as the actor may receive an intrinsic reward in the form of personal gratification. The validity of this argument depends on whether such intrinsic rewards qualify as "benefits". The term altruism can also refer to a deontological ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is usually contrasted with deontological egoism, which claims individuals are morally obligated to serve themselves first. Effective altruism is the use of evidence and reason to determine the most effective ways to benefit others.