Arrapha

Ancient Arrapha was a part of Sargon of Akkad's Akkadian Empire (2334–2154 BC). Later, the city was exposed to the raids of the Lullubi during the reign of Naram-Sin (r. 2255-2218 BC). The first written record of Arrapha is attested from the Neo-Sumerian Empire (c. 22nd to 21st century BC). Arrapha was an important trading center in the 18th century BC under Assyrian and Babylonian rule. However, during the 15th and early 14th centuries BC, it was again a largely Hurrian city, the capital of the small Hurrian kingdom of Arrapha, situated along the southeastern edge of the area under Mitanni domination. This kingdom was a vassal of Mitanni, which had units of chariots stationed in Arraphian cities such as Lubdu, Arwa and Arn-apuwe. During the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC), it was fully incorporated into Assyria, after the Assyrian forces had defeated the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni.