Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well as on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, flour mills and grain-storage facilities. It has also been observed to parasitize moths such as Cadra calidella—in laboratory experiments working with C. calidella, many of the moths were diseased due to this parasite. During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called delta endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt corn. Many crystal-producing Bt strains, though, do not have insecticidal properties. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) was discovered in 1976 by Israeli researchers Yoel Margalith and B. Goldberg in the Negev Desert of southern Israel. While investigating mosquito breeding sites in the region, they isolated a bacterial strain from a stagnant pond that exhibited potent larvicidal activity against various mosquito species, including Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes. This subspecies, israelensis, is now commonly used for the biological control of mosquitoes and fungus gnats due to its effectiveness and environmental safety. As a toxic mechanism, cry proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (epithelial) cells of the targeted pests, resulting in their rupture. Other organisms (including humans, other animals and non-targeted insects) that lack the appropriate receptors in their gut cannot be affected by the cry protein, and therefore are not affected by Bt.