Bufotenin

Bufotenin, also known as dimethylserotonin or as 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT), is a serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine family. It is a derivative of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The compound is an alkaloid found in some species of mushrooms, plants, and toads. It is also found naturally in the human body in small amounts. Bufotenin, for instance derived from the trees Anadenanthera colubrina and Anadenanthera peregrina, has a long history of entheogenic use as a snuff in South America. The name bufotenin originates from the toad genus Bufo, which includes several species of psychoactive toads, most notably Incilius alvarius (formerly Bufo alvarius), that secrete bufotoxins from their parotoid glands. However, Bufo and related species like Incilius alvarius contain only trace amounts of bufotenin, with their major active component instead being 5-MeO-DMT. In addition to DMT and serotonin, bufotenin is similar in chemical structure to other psychedelics such as 5-MeO-DMT and psilocin (4-HO-DMT). These compounds also occur in some of the same fungus, plant, and animal species as bufotenin. Bufotenin acts as a potent and non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptors, among others. It also acts as a potent and specific serotonin releasing agent. The compound is more hydrophilic than other related tryptamines and consequently is more peripherally selective. In relation to this, bufotenin has been associated with prominent peripheral serotonergic side effects, such as cardiovascular changes. The cardiovascular effects of bufotenin can be powerful and potentially dangerous. For many decades and even into the present, bufotenin has been considered by many experts, such as David E. Nichols, to be either inactive or only weakly active as a psychedelic in humans and to produce robust toxic effects. Alexander Shulgin was also uncertain whether bufotenin was an active psychedelic....