Derg

The Derg or Dergue (Amharic: ደርግ, lit. 'committee' or 'council'), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), and also often simply known as Socialist Ethiopia, was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia (which at that time included present-day Eritrea) from 1974 to 1987, when its members formally "civilianized" the administration, though they remained in power until 1991. The Derg was established on 21 June 1974 as the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army, by junior and mid-level officers of the Imperial Ethiopian Army and members of the police. The officers decided everything collectively at first, and selected Mengistu Haile Mariam to chair the proceedings. On 12 September 1974, the Derg overthrew the government of the Ethiopian Empire and Emperor Haile Selassie during nationwide mass protests, and three days later formally renamed itself the Provisional Military Administrative Council. In March 1975 the Derg abolished the monarchy and established Ethiopia as a communist state under a military-led provisional government embarking on a national democratic revolution. The abolition of feudalism, increased literacy, nationalization, and sweeping land reform including the resettlement and villagization from the Ethiopian Highlands became priorities. Mengistu became chairman in 1977, launching the Red Terror (Qey Shibir) political repression campaign to eliminate political opponents, with tens of thousands imprisoned and executed without trial. During the time of the Derg, it operated under a unitary form of government. By the mid-1980s Ethiopia was plagued by multiple issues; these included droughts, economic decline and increasing reliance on foreign aid, recovery from the Ogaden War, and the 1983–1985 famine—from the latter of which the Derg itself estimated more than a million deaths during its time in power. Conflicts between the Derg and various ethnic militias saw a gradual resurgence, particularly the Ethiopian Civil War and the Eritrean War of Independence....