Dvaravati

Dvaravati refers to a network of early historic polities in present-day central Thailand, conventionally dated from about the 6th to the 11th century; archaeological evidence places the beginnings of its culture several centuries earlier, in a phase usually called Proto-Dvaravati. It has also been tentatively linked to the polity Chinese sources call Lang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu. Mid-7th-century Chinese Buddhist accounts place a kingdom called To-lo-po-ti west of Isanapura, east of Sri Ksetra and north of Pan Pan. To the north it bordered Jiā Luó Shě Fú (迦逻舍佛), identified with Canasapura in the upper Mun-Chi basin and with Si Thep in the Pa Sak basin. Embassies to the Chinese court are recorded in 583, around 605–616, in 638, 640, 643, 647, and 649. Baker and Pasuk, and Murphy after Robert L. Brown, count three under that name: 638, 640 and 649. The term also covers a cultural and artistic sphere wider than any political entity, and a shared material culture does not by itself imply a single ethnic group. Mon communities, perhaps including maritime traders, are thought to have carried the culture into the Chao Phraya valley by the early centuries CE, after a transitional Proto-Dvaravati phase associated with principalities such as Chin Lin and Tun Sun in the western plains and Tou Yuan to the east, a phase usually dated to the 1st to 5th centuries, though Stephen A. Murphy limits it to the 4th and 5th. Dvaravati's early political centre is disputed. Proposed centres include Ayojjhapura (Si Thep), Sambuka (Nakhon Pathom), and Avadhyapura (Si Mahosot). By the mid-7th century, prominence appears to have shifted to Lavo's Lavapura, following the absorption of Tou Yuan in 647. Some place the shift in the 10th or 11th centuries, with the decline of Si Thep; others take Lavapura for a separate polity, later the...