Eulenburg affair

The Eulenburg affair (also called the Harden–Eulenburg affair) was a public controversy surrounding a series of courts-martial and five civil trials regarding accusations of homosexual conduct, and accompanying libel trials, among prominent members of German Emperor Wilhelm II's cabinet and entourage during 1907–1909. The issue centred on journalist Maximilian Harden's accusations of homosexual conduct between the Kaiser's close friend Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg, and General Kuno von Moltke. Accusations and counter-accusations quickly multiplied, and the phrase "Liebenberg Round Table" came to be used for the homosexual circle around the Kaiser. The Eulenburg affair has been held up as one example of anti-homosexuality sentiment being used as a means to attain certain political goals. As Eulenburg's wife later commented, "They are striking at my husband, but their target is the Kaiser." The affair received wide publicity and is often considered the biggest domestic scandal of Imperial Germany. It has been described as "the biggest homosexual scandal ever." It led to one of the first major public discussions of homosexuality in Germany, comparable to the trial of Oscar Wilde in England. Historians have linked the aftermath of the affair to the changes in German foreign policy that heightened its military aggression and ultimately contributed to World War I.