Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the protist enteropathogen Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia and G. intestinalis), especially common in children and travelers. Infected individuals experience steatorrhea, a type of diarrhea with fatty sticky stool; abdominal pain, weight loss, and weakness due to dehydration and malabsorption. Less common symptoms include skin rash, hives and joint swelling. Symptoms usually begin one to three weeks after exposure and, without treatment, may last two to six weeks or longer. Some infected individuals experience mild or no symptoms and remain symptom-free even if the infection persists for a long time. Giardiasis spreads via the fecal-oral route, when Giardia cysts excreted with feces contaminate food or water that is later consumed orally. The disease can also spread between people and between people and animals, mainly via pets. Cysts may survive for nearly three months in cold water. The microscopic identification of Giardia and its cysts in fecal samples is considered the gold standard method for diagnosing giardiasis. Immunoassays, such as ELISA and PCR for giardia gene loci, are also available as diagnostic tools, although are not widely used due to methods complexity and costs. Prevention may be improved through proper personal hygiene practices and by cooking and sanitizing food. Asymptomatic cases often do not need treatment. When symptoms are present, treatment is typically provided with either tinidazole or metronidazole. Other drugs, such as nitazoxanide, albendazole, quinacrine, chloroquine, paromomycin, and other drug combinations are also used in clinics. Refractory giardiasis and resistant strains are reported more and more often. Infection may cause a person to become lactose intolerant, so it is recommended to temporarily avoid lactose following an infection or use lactase supplements. Giardiasis occurs worldwide. It is one of the most common parasitic human diseases. Infection rates are as high as 7%...