Gordyene

Gordyene or Corduene (Ancient Greek: Γορδυηνή, romanized: Gordyēnḗ or Κορδυηνή, Kordyēnḗ; Armenian: Կորդուք, romanized: Korduk'; Hebrew: קרטיגיני, romanized: Kartigini; Classical Syriac: Beth Qardu) was an ancient historical region, located on the upper course of the Tigris, south of Lake Van, in present-day southeastern Turkey. Gordyene was situated between the countries of Armenia, Adiabene, and Atropatene. Since antiquity, the people of Gordyene have been identified with the Karduchoi, a people who inhabited the mountainous area south of the Botan River c. 401 BC. Gordyene became an independent kingdom sometime between 165–164 BC and 95 BC, after the collapse of Seleucid power and before the conquest of Mesopotamia by the Parthians. It was vassalized by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC, who overthrew and killed its king. Its subsequent political history is the subject of differing interpretations by scholars. It either regained its independence (as a vassal state of the Parthians) or formed part of the kingdom of Adiabene until its conquest by the Romans under Trajan (r. 98–117). Under Trajan's successor Hadrian (r. 117–138), it either reverted to Adiabene or was granted to Armenia. With the Peace of Nisibis in 298, the Romans gained suzerainty over Gordyene and other territories located, from the Roman perspective, on the far side of the Tigris. The nature of the political relationship between the princes of Gordyene and the kings of Armenia in the 4th century is a matter of scholarly dispute. In 363, the Romans officially ceded Gordyene (which they had apparently already lost by 359) to the Sasanian Empire. Ancient sources attest to Gordyene's fertility and its wealth of natural resources, such as wheat, wine, pastures, naphtha, and cardamom. Its urban settlements were of strategic significance as they were situated near important mountain passes and river crossings. The...