Human settlement

A human settlement, locality or populated place is a place where people live and carry out social, economic, political, and cultural activities. The term encompasses a broad range of inhabited environments, including hamlets, villages, towns, cities, metropolitan regions, and larger settlement systems. Human settlements are created through human activity rather than natural processes and typically involve the construction of infrastructure and the modification of surrounding environments. They develop over long periods through the cumulative actions of many individuals and exist at scales ranging from individual dwellings to extensive urban regions. Human settlement systems emerged relatively late in human history. For most of the existence of Homo sapiens, people lived in mobile hunter-gatherer groups rather than permanent communities. Permanent settlements developed independently in multiple regions between roughly 10,000 and 5,000 years ago during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene. Some of these early settlements gradually increased in population and organizational complexity, giving rise to cities, more specialized economies, and formal systems of governance. Over subsequent millennia, settlements continued to expand in size and complexity, while industrialization accelerated urban growth and contributed to the emergence of large metropolitan areas and megacities. Human settlements may be classified according to their function, scale, form, or administrative status. Major categories include urban, suburban, rural, and temporary settlements. Examples range from villages, towns, and cities to suburbs, exurbs, peri-urban areas, refugee camps, and post-disaster housing. Settlements may also be described according to their spatial arrangement, including nucleated, linear, dispersed, and isolated patterns. Systems of classification known as settlement hierarchies rank settlements according to their size and the range of services they provide, from homesteads and hamlets to conurbations, megacities, megalopolises, and the hypothetical ecumenopolis. The study of human settlements includes a range of theories concerned with their distribution, structure, and development. Central place theory...