Literacy

Literacy is traditionally the ability to read and write. Since the mid-twentieth century, the term is also used more broadly to encompass identifying, understanding, interpreting, creating, communicating, and using written information in ways that enable individuals to participate effectively in society and achieve goals. The spread of literacy has been closely linked to the invention and spread of writing systems, the expansion of education, and technological change. Literacy rates have increased substantially worldwide since the mid-twentieth century, although significant disparities remain between countries, regions, and demographic groups, particularly with respect to gender and access to education. In 2022, the World Economic Forum estimated the global literacy rate at 87%, which was a substantial increase from 200 years ago, where it was at 12% in 1820. Because literacy is fundamental to education, economic participation, and civic life, it has been the subject of extensive interdisciplinary research, and its definition and measurement remain the subject of scholarly and policy debate. Related concepts include functional literacy and multiliteracies, while specialized forms include digital literacy, media literacy, and health literacy.