Lorazepam

Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a medication of the benzodiazepine and depressant category. It inhibits activity of the central nervous system, and has anxiolytic and hypnotic effects. It is indicated for the short term treatment of anxiety (including anxiety disorders), insomnia, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is also used during surgery to interfere with memory formation, to sedate those who are being mechanically ventilated, and, along with other treatments, for acute coronary syndrome due to cocaine use. It can be given orally (by mouth), transdermally (on the skin via a topical gel or patch), intravenously (injection into a vein), or intramuscularly (injection into a muscle). When given by injection, onset of effects is between one and thirty minutes and effects last for up to a day. Common side effects include weakness, sleepiness, dizziness, decreased alertness, decreased memory formation, low blood pressure, and a decreased effort to breathe. When given intravenously, the person is typically closely monitored. Among those who are depressed, there may be an increased risk of suicide. Drug tolerance may occur, especially after long-term use, where increasingly larger doses are required to achieve the same effect. Its use is highly liable to physical dependence and psychological dependence, and sudden stop after long-term use can cause symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Older people more often develop adverse effects. In this age group, lorazepam is associated with falls and hip fractures. Due to these concerns, lorazepam use is generally recommended for at most four weeks. Lorazepam was initially patented in 1963 and went on sale in the United States in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 100th most...