Lumpy skin disease

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease in cattle caused by Lumpy skin disease virus of the family Poxviridae, also known as Neethling virus. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, and multiple nodules (measuring 2–5 centimetres (1–2 in) in diameter) on the skin and mucous membranes, including those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Infected cattle may also develop edematous swelling in their limbs and exhibit lameness. The virus has important economic implications since affected animals tend to have permanent damage to their skin, lowering the commercial value of their hide. Additionally, the disease often results in chronic debility, reduced milk production, poor growth, infertility, abortion, and sometimes death. Onset of fever occurs almost a week after infection by the virus. This initial fever may exceed 41 °C (106 °F) and persist for a week. At this time all of the superficial lymph nodes become enlarged. The nodules, which characterize the disease, appear seven to nineteen days after virus inoculation. Coinciding with the appearance of the nodules, discharge from the eyes and nose becomes mucopurulent. The nodular lesions involve the dermis and the epidermis, but may extend to the underlying subcutis or even to the muscle. These lesions, occurring all over the body (but particularly on the head, neck, udder, scrotum, vulva, and perineum), may be either well-circumscribed or they may coalesce. Cutaneous lesions may be resolved rapidly or may persist as hard lumps. The lesions may also become sequestrated, leaving deep ulcers filled with granulation tissue and often suppurating (forming pus). At the initial onset of the nodules, they have a creamy grey to white color upon cut section and may exude serum. After about two weeks a cone-shaped central core of necrotic material may appear within the nodules. In addition the nodules on...