Makuria

Makuria (Old Nubian: ⲇⲱⲧⲁⲩⲟ, Dotawo; Greek: Μακουρία, romanized: Makouria; Arabic: المقرة, romanized: al-Muqurra) was a medieval Nubian kingdom in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Its capital was Dongola (Old Nubian: ⲧⲟⲩⲅⲅⲟⲩⲗ, Touggoul) in the fertile Dongola Reach, about halfway between the 3rd and 4th Nile cataract. Coming into being after the collapse of the Kingdom of Kush in the 4th century, it originally covered the Nile Valley from the 3rd cataract to somewhere south of Abu Hamed at Mograt Island. The capital of Dongola was founded around 500 and soon after, in the mid-6th century, Makuria converted to Christianity. Probably in the early 7th century Makuria annexed its northern neighbour Nobatia, now sharing a border with Byzantine Egypt. In 652 a Rashidun Arab army invaded and besieged Dongola, but was repulsed. Both sides signed the Baqt treaty which would ensure largely uninterrupted peace between Egypt and Makuria until the 13th century. The period from the 9th to 11th century saw the peak of Makuria's cultural development resulting in the construction of buildings like the Throne Hall of Dongola, the great cruciform church of Dongola, and the Banganarti monastery, alongside the development of arts such as wall paintings and finely crafted and decorated pottery. Nubian became increasingly important as written language, but Coptic, Greek and Arabic are also recorded. Makuria maintained close dynastic ties with the fellow Nubian kingdom of Alodia to the south and expanded into northern Kordofan, while also exterting a limited political and cultural influence in Upper Egypt as far north as Akhmim. Increased aggression from Mamluk Egypt, internal discord, Bedouin incursions and possibly the plague and the shift of trade routes led to the state's decline in the 13th and 14th century. In the 1310s and 1320s it was briefly ruled by Muslim kings....