Mandelbrot set

The Mandelbrot set () is a two-dimensional set. It is defined in the complex plane as the complex numbers c {\displaystyle c} for which the function f c ( z ) = z 2 + c {\displaystyle f_{c}(z)=z^{2}+c} does not diverge to infinity when iterated starting at z = 0 {\displaystyle z=0} . In other words, it is the set of c {\displaystyle c} for which the sequence f c ( 0 ) {\displaystyle f_{c}(0)} , f c ( f c ( 0 ) ) {\displaystyle f_{c}(f_{c}(0))} , and so on, remains bounded in absolute value. This set was first defined and drawn by Robert W. Brooks and Peter Matelski in 1978, as part of a study of Kleinian groups. Afterwards, in 1980, Benoit Mandelbrot obtained high-quality visualizations of the set while working at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Images of the Mandelbrot set exhibit an infinitely complicated boundary that reveals progressively ever-finer recursive detail at increasing magnifications; mathematically, the boundary of the Mandelbrot set is a fractal curve. The "style" of this recursive detail depends on the region of the set boundary being examined. Images of the Mandelbrot set are created by determining whether the sequence f c ( 0 ) , f c ( f c ( 0 ) ) , f c ( f c ( f c ( 0 ) ) ) , … {\displaystyle f_{c}(0),f_{c}(f_{c}(0)),f_{c}(f_{c}(f_{c}(0))),\dotsc } goes to infinity for each sampled complex number c. The real and imaginary parts of c {\displaystyle c} are mapped as image coordinates on the complex plane and colored based on the point at which the sequence | f c ( 0 ) | , | f c ( f c ( 0 ) ) | , … {\displaystyle |f_{c}(0)|,|f_{c}(f_{c}(0))|,\dotsc } crosses an...