Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger (26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher whose work was central to the development of phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He has had significant impact within subsequent philosophy, social sciences and humanities, and theology. Heidegger's magnum opus, Being and Time (1927), is widely considered one of the most significant works of modern philosophy. In it, he introduced the concept of Dasein ("being-there") to describe the distinctive character of human existence, arguing that humans possess a "pre-ontological" understanding of being that shapes how they live and act, which he analyzed in terms of the unitary structure of "being-in-the-world". Through his analysis of Dasein, Heidegger sought to reawaken what he called "the question of being": the fundamental inquiry into what makes entities intelligible as the entities they are. In other words, Heidegger's governing "question of being" is concerned with what makes beings intelligible as beings. This question, he believed, had been neglected or obscured throughout the history of Western philosophy since the ancient Greeks. His later work turned increasingly to questions of technology, language, art, and poetry, developing themes of human "dwelling" in the world and critiquing what he saw as the nihilistic trajectory of modern technological civilisation. Thinkers as varied as Jean-Paul Sartre, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Hannah Arendt, Jacques Derrida, Emmanuel Levinas, and Richard Rorty were substantially shaped by engagement with his thought, whether in agreement or opposition. Heidegger's legacy has been complicated and shadowed by his involvement with Nazism. In April 1933, he was elected rector of the University of Freiburg and joined the Nazi Party, a membership he retained until 1945. The nature and extent of his commitment to Nazism, and the question of whether his philosophy is inherently connected to his political choices, remain subjects of significant scholarly controversy. After the war, he was...