Motif (narrative)

A motif ( moh-TEEF), or sometimes a trope, is any distinctive feature, element, or idea that recurs throughout a story; often, it helps develop larger narrative elements such as the story's themes or mood. A narrative motif can be created through the use of imagery, structural components, language, and other elements throughout literature. Symbolism is often expressed through motifs. For instance, the flute in Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman is a recurrent sound motif that conveys rural and idyllic notions. Another example from modern American literature is the green light that a character often sees, representing distance and longing, found in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Narratives may include multiple motifs of varying types. Shakespeare's play Macbeth uses a variety of narrative elements to create many different motifs. Imagistic references to blood and water are continually repeated. The phrase "fair is foul, and foul is fair" is echoed at many points in the play, a combination that mixes the concepts of good and evil. The play also features the central motif of the washing of hands, one that combines both verbal images and the movement of the actors. A motif establishes a pattern of ideas that may serve different conceptual purposes in different works. Kurt Vonnegut, for example, in his non-linear narratives such as Slaughterhouse-Five and Cat's Cradle makes frequent use of motif to connect different moments that might seem otherwise separated by time and space. In the American cult classic science fiction Blade Runner, director Ridley Scott uses the recurring motif of "eyes" as connected to a constantly changing flow of images, and sometimes violent manipulations, in order to call into question our ability, and the narrator's own, to accurately perceive and understand reality.