Pietism

Pietism (), also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a holy Christian life. Although the movement is aligned with Lutheranism, it has had a tremendous impact on Protestantism worldwide, particularly in North America and Europe. Pietism originated in modern-day Germany in the late 17th century with the work of Philipp Spener, a Lutheran theologian whose emphasis on personal transformation through spiritual rebirth and renewal, individual devotion, and piety laid the foundations for the movement. Although Spener did not directly advocate the quietistic, legalistic, and semi-separatist practices of Pietism, it was more or less involved in the positions that he assumed or the practices that he encouraged. Pietism spread from Germany to Switzerland, the rest of German-speaking Europe, and Scandinavia and the Baltics, where it was heavily influential and left a permanent mark on the region's dominant Lutheranism, with figures such as Hans Nielsen Hauge in Norway, Peter Spaak and Carl Olof Rosenius in Sweden, Katarina Asplund in Finland, and Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen in the Batak Lands region of Indonesia, Barbara von Krüdener in the Baltic states, and to the rest of Europe. It was taken further to North America, primarily by German and Scandinavian immigrants. There, it influenced Protestants of other ethnic and other (non-Lutheran) denominational backgrounds and contributed to the 18th-century foundation of evangelicalism, an interdenominational movement within Protestantism that has some 300 million followers today. In the mid-19th century, Lars Levi Laestadius spearheaded a Pietist revival in Scandinavia that upheld what came to be known as Laestadian Lutheran theology, which is adhered to today by the Laestadian Lutheran Churches as well as by several congregations within other mainstream Lutheran Churches, such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The Eielsen...