Radio access network

A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile telecommunication system implementing a radio access technology (RAT). Conceptually, it resides between a device such as a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its core network (CN). Depending on the standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc. RAN functionality is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as well as the user equipment. See the following diagram: CN / ⧵ / ⧵ RAN RAN / ⧵ / ⧵ UE UE UE UE Examples of RAN types are: GRAN: GSM GERAN: essentially the same as GRAN but specifying the inclusion of EDGE packet radio services UTRAN: UMTS E-UTRAN: The Long Term Evolution (LTE) high speed and low latency 5G NR: The 5G RAN, a successor of LTE (see the above item) It is also possible for a single handset/phone to be simultaneously connected to multiple RANs. Handsets capable of this are sometimes called dual-mode handsets. For instance, it is common for handsets to support both GSM and UMTS (a.k.a. "3G") RATs. Such devices seamlessly transfer an ongoing call between different radio access networks without the user noticing any disruption in service.