Second Syrian Republic

The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic, which had become de facto independent from the French Mandate in April 1946. The Second Republic was established under the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1950 to 1954 during Adib Shishakli's rule and later became inoperative when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt to form the United Arab Republic in 1958. The Second Republic was restored when Syria withdrew from the union in 1961. In 1963, the Syrian Ba'athist Party came to power in a bloodless military coup, which laid the foundations for the political structure of Ba'athist Syria and ended the era of democratic experimentation in post-colonial Syria. The green, white, black, and red flag was adopted by President Nazim al-Qudsi on 28 September 1961 to completely disassociate Syria from the United Arab Republic. It was later adopted by the Syrian opposition during the Syrian civil war. Following the fall of the Assad regime, the Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham-dominated Syrian caretaker government adopted and used the revolution flag, a modified version of the independence flag. The revolution flag became the official flag of Syria once again on 13 March 2025, when the Constitutional Declaration designated it as the national flag.