Siculo-Arabic

Siculo-Arabic or Sicilian Arabic is a group of Arabic varieties that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily from the 9th century, persisting under the subsequent Norman rule until the 13th century. However, only one dialect of Siculo-Arabic is still spoken: Maltese. Siculo-Arabic dialects descend from Arabic following the Abbasid conquest of Sicily in the 9th century and gradually marginalized following the Norman conquest in the 11th century. Siculo-Arabic is designated as a historical language that is attested only in writings from the 9th–13th centuries in Sicily. of which present-day Maltese is considered to be its sole surviving descendant. Maltese evolved from one of the dialects of Siculo-Arabic over the past 800 years and a gradual process of Latinisation that gave Maltese a significant superstrate influence from Romance languages. By contrast, present-day Sicilian, which is an Italo-Dalmatian language, retains relatively little Siculo-Arabic vocabulary; its influence is limited to some 300 words.