Singing Revolution

The Singing Revolution was a series of events from 1987 to 1991 that led to the restoration of independence of the three Soviet-occupied Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania at the end of the Cold War. The Soviet Union annexed the Baltics around 1940, following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (a non-aggression agreement with Nazi Germany), though this annexation was not widely recognized. During the subsequent occupation, the Soviet Union suppressed local languages, religious institutions, and cultural expression, and carried out large-scale deportations and political repression. In the late 1980s, massive demonstrations against the Soviet regime began after widespread liberalization of the regime failed to take national sensitivities into account. The Soviet Union also instituted attacks and censorships of religion and the religious institutions in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Several religious organizations formed in opposition to these attacks. Civic organizations such as Sąjūdis in Lithuania, the Popular Front of Latvia, and the Estonian Popular Front coordinated petitions, rallies, and public forums to express dissent. Public song festivals became a key element of resistance, as tens of thousands of participants sang national and folk songs in mass gatherings. The state of affairs deteriorated to such an extent that by 1989, there were campaigns aimed at freeing the nations from the Soviet Union altogether. The Baltic peoples staged mass demonstrations against Soviet rule, most notably the Baltic Way of 1989 on the 50th anniversary of the Nazi-Soviet pact. Approximately two million people joined hands to form a continuous human chain across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to symbolize unity and a popular commitment to independence. In 1988–89, the three countries proclaimed sovereignty within the Soviet Union, the first republics to do so. Lithuania declared independence in March 1990, followed by Latvia and Estonia in May. Soviet government economic pressure and armed crackdowns in Lithuania...