Swastika

The swastika ( SWOS-tih-kə, Sanskrit: [ˈsʋɐstikɐ], Sanskrit Devanagari: स्वस्तिक ; 卐 or 卍) is an ancient cross-cultural geometrical symbol that has been used in many cultures and religions of Eurasia, as well as a few in Africa and the Americas, for thousands of years. The swastika was and continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in several religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. In the Western world, it is predominantly associated with Nazism, being appropriated and widely displayed in Nazi symbolism. Most notably, it was used in the flag of Nazi Germany. This appropriation continues with the symbol's popularity among neo-Nazis around the world. The English word swastika is originally of the Sanskrit language (स्वस्तिक, lit. 'conducive to well-being'). In Hinduism, the right-facing symbol (卐) is called swastika, symbolizing surya, prosperity, and good luck; while the left-facing symbol (卍) is sometimes called sauvastika, symbolising night or tantric aspects of Kali. In Jain symbolism, it is a part of the Jain flag, and represents Suparshvanatha—the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers and saviours). In Buddhist symbolism, it represents the auspicious footprints of the Buddha. In different Indo-European traditions, the swastika symbolises fire, lightning bolts and the Sun. The symbol is found in the archaeological remains of the Indus Valley Civilization and the Neolithic-era Samarra culture of Mesopotamia. It has also been recorded in early Byzantine and Christian artwork. The swastika was seen as a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck for most of the Western world until the 1930s. It was first used as a symbol of international antisemitism by far-right Romanian politician A. C. Cuza prior to World War I. Wider public perception would only change once the German Nazi Party adopted the swastika as an emblem of the so-called Aryan race. As a result of...