Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (; c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 until mid-1540, at which time he was beheaded on Henry's orders, a loss the King would later regret. Cromwell was one of the most powerful proponents of the English Reformation. As the King's chief secretary, he instituted new administrative procedures that transformed the workings of government. He helped to engineer an annulment of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn. Henry had failed to obtain the approval of Pope Clement VII for the annulment in 1533, so Parliament endorsed the King's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England — thus giving him the authority to annul his own marriage. Cromwell subsequently charted an evangelical and reformist course for the new Church of England from his unique posts of Vicegerent in Spirituals and Vicar General (the two titles refer to the same position). During his rise to power, Cromwell made many enemies, including Henry's second queen Anne Boleyn, with his fresh ideas and lack of inherited nobility. He played a prominent role in her downfall and execution on charges of treason in 1536. He fell from power in 1540, despite being created Earl of Essex that year, after arranging the King's short-lived fourth marriage to the German princess Anne of Cleves. The marriage was a disaster for Cromwell, ending in an annulment six months later. Cromwell was arraigned under an act of attainder (32 Hen. 8. c. 62) and was executed for treason and heresy on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540. The King later expressed regret at the loss of his chief minister, and his reign never recovered from...