Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a significant effect on quality of life. Urinary incontinence is common in older women and has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care. The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting). UI is an example of a stigmatized medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse. People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others. Pelvic surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and menopause are major risk factors. Urinary incontinence is often a result of an underlying medical condition but is under-reported to medical practitioners. There are four main types of incontinence: Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder Stress incontinence due to "a poorly functioning urethral sphincter muscle (intrinsic sphincter deficiency) or to hypermobility of the bladder neck or urethra" Overflow incontinence due to either poor bladder contraction or blockage of the urethra Mixed incontinence involving features of different other types Treatments include behavioral therapy, pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, medication, surgery, and electrical stimulation. Treatments that incorporate behavioral therapy are more likely to improve or cure stress, urge, and mixed incontinence, whereas, there is limited evidence to support the benefit of hormones and periurethral bulking agents. The complications and long-term safety of the treatments is variable.