Young Ottomans

The Young Ottomans (Ottoman Turkish: یکی عثمانلیلر, romanized: Yeŋî ʿOs̱mânlıler; Turkish: Yeni Osmanlılar) were a secret society established in 1865 by a group of Ottoman intellectuals who were dissatisfied with the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which they believed did not go far enough. The Young Ottomans sought to transform the Ottoman society by preserving the Empire and modernizing it along the European tradition of adopting a constitutional government. The Young Ottomans were frequently in disagreement ideologically, they all agreed that the new constitutional government should continue to be at least somewhat rooted in Islam. To emphasize "the continuing and essential validity of Islam as the basis of Ottoman political culture" they attempted to syncretize an Islamic jurisprudence with liberalism and parliamentary democracy. The Young Ottomans sought for new ways to form a government like the European governments, especially the constitution of the Second French Empire. Among the prominent members of this society were writers and publicists including İbrahim Şinasi, Namık Kemal, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pasha, and Agah Efendi. In the 1876 revolution, Midhat Pasha organized a conspiracy with the Young Ottomans to overthrow Sultan Abdul Aziz in order to promulgate a constitution, bringing Murad V to the throne. With his mental breakdown, another deposition made Abdul Hamid II sultan. 1876, the Young Ottomans had their defining moment when Abdul Hamid II reluctantly promulgated the Ottoman constitution of 1876 (Turkish: Kanûn-u Esâsî), the first attempt at a constitution in the Ottoman Empire, ushering in the First Constitutional Era. This period was short-lived, with Abdul Hamid II ultimately suspending the constitution and parliament in 1878 in favor of a return to absolute monarchy with himself in power. The influence of the Young Ottomans continued until the collapse of the empire. Several decades later, another Ottoman group, the Young Turks, repeated...