Hoa people

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The Hoa people, also known as Chinese Vietnamese (Vietnamese: người Hoa, Chinese: 華人; pinyin: Huárén; Cantonese Yale: Wàhyàhn; or Chinese: 唐人; Jyutping: Tong4 jan4; Cantonese Yale: Tòhngyàhn), are an ethnic minority in Vietnam composed of citizens and nationals of full or partial Han Chinese ancestry. The term primarily refers to ethnic Chinese who migrated from southern Chinese provinces to Vietnam during the 18th century, although Chinese migration to the region dates back millennia. While millions of Vietnamese may trace distant Chinese ancestry due to centuries of migration during periods when Vietnam was under Chinese rule, the Hoa are defined by their continued identification with Chinese language, culture and community. They remain closely connected to broader Han Chinese identity when compared to their Kinh counterparts. "Chinese-Vietnamese" usually refers to these individuals, in contrast to those who have assimilated into Vietnamese society and are no longer regarded as culturally Chinese. The Hoa have historically maintained a prominent role in Vietnam's commercial and urban life. Under French Indochina, colonial authorities often favoured the Hoa for their commercial acumen. From the late 19th century to the early 1970s, the Hoa dominated the private sector, with estimates attributing 70 to 80 percent(some industries) of pre-1975 Saigon's privately owned businesses to them. After 1975, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) seized power and nationalised many Hoa businesses and properties for confiscation, regardless. Hoa individuals universally were accused of political disloyalty and collaboration with foreign powers. The situation worsened in the period preceding and throughout the Sino-Vietnamese War, prompting a mass exodus of Hoa as boat people fleeing persecution and anti-Chinese policies. Vietnam's adoption of economic liberalisation from 1987 gradually allowed the Hoa to reestablish a presence in the business sector. Although their influence today is not as pronounced as before 1975, the Hoa remain a commercially...