Muhammadiyah

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Muhammadiyah (Arabic: محمدية, romanized: Muḥammadiyyah, lit. 'followers of Muhammad'), officially the Muhammadiyah Society (Indonesian: Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah), is a major Islamic Mass Organization in Indonesia. The organization was founded in 1912 by Ahmad Dahlan in the city of Yogyakarta as a reformist socio-religious movement. Muhammadiyah promotes ijtihad—the contextual and dynamic derivation of Islamic law directly from the Qur'an and sunnah, while rejecting taqlid—blind adherence . Since its inception, Muhammadiyah has implemented a platform of renewal that integrates religious and secular education. This approach was adopted primarily as a means to foster social mobility among Muslims towards a modern, progressive society, while simultaneously purifying Islamic teachings in Indonesia. It continues to support local culture and promote religious tolerance in Indonesia, while a few of its higher education institutions are attended mostly by non-Muslims, especially in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua provinces. The group also runs a large chain of charity hospitals, and operated 128 universities as of the late 1990s. At the time of Dahlan's death in 1923, the organization reported a membership of 2,622 men and 724 women, mostly residents of Yogyakarta. Membership grew steadily—10,000 in 1928, 17,000 in 1929, and 24,000 in 1931. By the 1930s, moreover, it had begun to establish branches beyond Java, the main center of population, throughout Indonesia, and today it is said to be the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia (behind Nahdlatul Ulama) with 60 million members in 2019. The membership is largely urban and middle class in composition. Although Muhammadiyah leaders and members are often actively involved in shaping politics in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah is not a political party. It has devoted itself to social and educational activities.