Organ procurement

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Organ procurement (also called surgical recovery) is a surgical procedure that removes organs or tissues for reuse, typically for organ transplantation. If the organ donor is human, most countries require that the donor be legally dead for consideration of organ transplantation (e.g., cardiac death or brain death). For some organs, a living donor can be the source of the organ. For example, living donors can donate one kidney or part of their liver to a well-matched recipient. Organs cannot be procured after the heart has stopped beating for a long time. Thus, donation after brain death is generally preferred because the organs are still receiving blood from the donor's heart until minutes before being removed from the body and placed on ice. To standardize brain death evaluation, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) updated guidelines in 2010, requiring coma with known cause, absent brain stem reflexes, and apnea; recent practices emphasize critical care coordination to optimize donor stability and increase procurement rates. Donation after circulatory death (DCD), also called donation after cardiac death, refers to organ donation from patients in whom life-sustaining treatment is withdrawn and death is declared following irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function; organs are procured after a short, defined no-touch observation period following circulatory arrest. DCD donors may have variable residual brain activity at the time of withdrawal of support, and protocols (including the length of the mandatory observation interval after circulation stops) differ between jurisdictions. For example, UK guidance typically applies a 2–5 minute observation period in controlled DCD pathways, while other countries use different timings within their local protocols.