Park Yeon

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Pak Yŏn or Park Yeon (Korean: 박연; 20 August 1378 – 23 March 1458) was a government official, scholar, writer, astronomer and musician in the Early Joseon Dynasty period, who was a teacher of King Sejong. He created the armillary sphere Honcheonui, water clock Borugak Jagyeongnu, and sundial Yangbu Ilgu along with Chang Yŏngsil, as well as five basic sounds (Gung, Sang, Gak, Chi, Wu), which correspond to five consonant groups (Aeum, Seoreum, Suneum, Chieum, Hueum) in the Hunminjeongeum. He also adapted court music to the new Confucian philosophy, particularly in the concept of ye-ak, a Confucian ideology that combines ritual and music. He petitioned the king Sejong 450 times for the necessity of tuning the then-imperfect musical instruments and compiling a collection of sheet music. He correctly tuned a pyeongyeong to the correct pitch according to 12 notes he had devised. Along with Wangsan of Goguryeo and Ureuk of Silla, Pak Yŏn is considered one of the three most popular music saints in Korea.