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Grief is the response to the loss of something deemed important, in particular the death of a person or animal to which a bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, grief also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, cultural, spiritual, political and philosophical dimensions. While the terms are often used interchangeably, bereavement refers to the state of loss, while grief is the reaction to that loss. The grief associated with death is familiar to most people, but individuals grieve in connection with a variety of losses throughout their lives, such as unemployment, ill health or the end of a relationship. Loss can be categorized as either physical or abstract; physical loss is related to something that the individual can touch or measure, such as losing a spouse through death, while other types of loss are more abstract, possibly relating to aspects of a person's social interactions. Modern research has moved beyond rigid stage-based models, such as Kübler-Ross's five stages, toward more flexible frameworks. One influential approach is Simon Shimshon Rubin's Two-Track Model of Bereavement, which focuses on both day-to-day functioning and the evolving emotional relationship with the deceased. George Bonanno's research further shows that most people demonstrate natural resilience, experiencing stable functioning despite significant losses, while acknowledging that grief can manifest as sadness, anger, anxiety, laughter, or even numbness. In some cases, however, grief can become prolonged or debilitating, leading to complicated grief or prolonged grief disorder (PGD), where persistent longing and difficulty resuming normal routines interfere with life. Certain losses, such as the death of a spouse, child, or parent, tend to carry higher risks of depression and other mental health challenges. Studies on biological and cultural differences reveal that expressions of grief are highly diverse, while evolutionary theories suggest grief may help...