Persian verbs

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Persian verbs (Persian: فعل‌های فارسی, romanized: Fe’lhā-ye fārsi, pronounced [feʔlˈhɒːje fɒːɾˈsiː]) or (Persian: کارواژه, romanized: Kār-vāzhe) are very regular compared with those of most European languages. From the two stems given in dictionaries (e.g. gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' etc.) it is possible to derive all the other forms of almost any verb. The main irregularity is that given one stem it is not usually possible to predict the other. Verbs can be conjugated for three persons, with each distinguishing between singular and plural. There are also nonfinite forms, such as the perfect participle, which has an active meaning for intransitive verbs, e.g. rafte 'gone', but a passive meaning for transitive verbs, e.g. nevešte 'written (by someone)'. This participle is also used to make the passive voice of transitive verbs when used with forms of the verb šodan 'to become'. There are a variety of verb forms used to refer to past events. A series of past constructions (past simple, imperfect, and pluperfect) is matched by a corresponding series of perfect constructions (perfect simple, perfect continuous, and perfect pluperfect — the last of these made by adding a perfect ending to the pluperfect construction). These perfect constructions are used sometimes much as the English perfect construction (e.g. 'I have done' etc.), but often in an inferential or reportative sense ('apparently I had done' etc.), similar to the perfect construction in Turkish. The simple present has a range of meanings (habitual, progressive, punctual, historic).