Zen (Japon)

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Japanese Zen comprises the Buddhist lineages, institutions and practices in Japan that developed from Chinese Chan Buddhism. Its principal surviving denominations are Sōtō, the several branches of the Rinzai school, and Ōbaku. All belong to Mahayana Buddhism and share its teachings of emptiness, compassion, Buddha-nature and the bodhisattva path. Seated meditation (zazen), Buddhist precepts, liturgy, scripture, teacher–disciple transmission and temple ritual have all formed part of Japanese Zen. Meditation teachings reached Japan before Zen existed there as an independent institution. From the late twelfth century, monks including Eisai and Dōgen established lineages based on Song-dynasty Chinese models. Rinzai became prominent in medieval warrior governments and the Five Mountain System, while Sōtō spread through regional temple networks under Dōgen's successors, especially Keizan. Ōbaku, founded by the Chinese monk Ingen in the seventeenth century, brought contemporary Ming Buddhist architecture, ritual and material culture to Japan. Zen temples have served not only as places of meditation but also as centers of education, diplomacy, publishing, the arts, funerals, memorial rites and local religious life. Their connections with warrior patrons and with ink painting, calligraphy, tea culture, gardens and restrained forms of architecture contributed to Zen's enduring association with discipline, composure and simplicity. None of these cultural forms arose from Zen alone, but Zen monks, temples and patrons played substantial roles in their development and transmission. From the late nineteenth century, Japanese teachers and writers—most influentially D. T. Suzuki—made Zen the best-known international name for the wider Chan tradition. Japanese-derived meditation movements, aesthetics and vocabulary strongly shaped global images of Zen. Modern research has examined the selection and reinterpretation involved in this transmission, as well as the active role of Japanese Buddhists in creating forms of practice suited to new conditions. Japanese Zen remains both a living religious tradition in Japan and a major source...