Carl Eckart

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Carl Henry Eckart (May 4, 1902 – October 23, 1973) was an American physicist, physical oceanographer, geophysicist, and administrator. He co-developed the Wigner–Eckart theorem and is also known for the Eckart conditions in quantum mechanics, the Eckart–Young theorem in linear algebra, and his work on non-equilibrium thermodynamics and continuum mechanics, including a relativistic treatment. Eckart was born an only child in St. Louis, Missouri, to a conservative family of German descent. He began college in 1919 at Washington University in St. Louis where he received his B.S. and M.S. degrees with a major in engineering from the McKelvey School of Engineering. Due to Arthur Compton, a physics faculty member and later Chancellor, Eckart was influenced to continue his education in physics at Princeton University, where he went in 1923 on an Edison Lamp Works Research Fellowship. Eckart was awarded his Ph.D. in 1925. During his graduate studies, Eckart co-authored a paper with Karl Compton, brother of Arthur Compton on low-voltage arcs, particularly the oscillatory phenomena arising in the diffusion of electrons against low-voltage fields. He continued this line of work after receipt of his Ph.D. on a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) during the period 1925 to 1927. Max Born, director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen and co-developer of the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics with Werner Heisenberg, came to Caltech in the winter of 1925 and gave a lecture on his work. Born's lecture gave Eckart the impetus to investigate the possible general operator formalism for quantum mechanics.