Chenghua

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The Chenghua Emperor (9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487), personal name Zhu Jianshen, changed to Zhu Jianru in 1457, was the ninth emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1464 to 1487. He succeeded his father, Emperor Yingzong. Zhu Jianshen was born during his father's first reign. When he was only two years old, Mongol forces captured his father during the Battle of Tumu Fortress, and his uncle ascended the throne as the Jingtai Emperor. During this time, Zhu Jianshen was appointed heir to the throne, but his uncle later removed him from the position. He was not reinstated as heir until 1457, when Emperor Yingzong overthrew the ailing Jingtai Emperor in a coup and reascended the throne. The Chenghua Emperor began his reign at the age of sixteen. During the initial years of his reign, he implemented a new policy that included tax cuts and a focus on strengthening the state's power, but as time passed, the positive impact of these changes diminished. In the later years of his rule, the Forbidden City was dominated by court eunuchs, particularly the notorious Wang Zhi and Liang Fang. The Emperor's preference for favorites over promoting capable individuals gradually eroded the positive aspects of his rule. This resulted in widespread corruption and the enrichment of his supporters at the expense of the state treasury. Peasant uprisings erupted throughout the country and were brutally suppressed. The Emperor ruled with increasing autocracy, bolstering the secret police to monitor the sentiments of the people. Wan Zhen'er, a palace lady much older than the Chenghua Emperor, held significant sway over him and eventually became his favorite concubine. This was especially true after she gave birth to a son in 1466, although the child died shortly after. Lady Wan used her loyal eunuchs to...