Dual degree

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Joint degrees are academic qualifications awarded through integrated study programmes jointly designed, coordinated, and delivered by two or more higher education institutions. These institutions may be located within the same country or across different national education systems. Depending on the structure of the programme and the applicable legal frameworks, graduates may receive a single joint qualification, two separate qualifications (commonly referred to as a double degree or dual degree), or multiple national diplomas awarded for a single coordinated course of study. Joint degrees differ from standard national qualifications in that they are based on shared curricula, coordinated quality assurance procedures, and mutual recognition of academic work across participating institutions. They are often used as instruments of academic cooperation and internationalisation in higher education. The development of joint degrees is closely linked to broader efforts to enhance cross-border cooperation in higher education. In Europe, joint degrees emerged prominently in the late 1990s within the context of the Bologna Process, which aimed to improve the comparability, compatibility, and transparency of national higher education systems. The Council of Europe and the European Commission have actively promoted joint programmes as tools for strengthening academic mobility, fostering institutional partnerships, and facilitating the recognition of qualifications across borders. Outside Europe, joint and dual degree programmes have expanded through bilateral agreements between universities in different regions, particularly between North America, Europe, and East Asia, often supported by national or supranational mobility schemes. Joint programmes may lead to different forms of academic certification, depending on institutional arrangements and national legislation.