E. D. Hirsch

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Eric Donald Hirsch Jr. (; born March 22, 1928) is an American educator, literary critic, and theorist. He is a professor emeritus of humanities at the University of Virginia. Hirsch is best known for his 1987 book Cultural Literacy, which was a national best-seller and catalyst for the standards movement in American education. Cultural Literacy included a list of approximately 5,000 "names, phrases, dates, and concepts every American should know" to be "culturally literate". Hirsch's arguments for cultural literacy and the list's contents were controversial and widely debated until the early 1990s. Hirsch is the founder and chairman of the non-profit Core Knowledge Foundation, which publishes and periodically updates the Core Knowledge Sequence, a set of unusually detailed curriculum guidelines for pre-K through eighth grade. In 1991, Hirsch and the Core Knowledge Foundation published What Your First Grader Needs to Know, the first volume in what is popularly known as "the Core Knowledge Series". Additional volumes followed, as did revised editions. The series now begins with What Your Preschooler Needs to Know and ends with What Your Sixth Grader Needs to Know. The "series" books follow the curriculum guidelines of the Core Knowledge Sequence, are commonly used in Core Knowledge schools and other elementary schools, and have also become a favorite among homeschooling parents. Before turning to education, Hirsch wrote on English literature and theory of interpretation. His book Validity in Interpretation (1967) is considered an important contribution to hermeneutics. In it, Hirsch argues for intentionalism—the idea that the reader's goal should be to recover the author's meaning.