Fougasse (weapon)

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A fougasse (UK: , US: , French: [fuɡas] , in Italian and Maltese foggazza) is an improvised mortar constructed by making a hollow in the ground or rock and filling it with explosives (originally, black powder) and projectiles. The fougasse was used by Samuel Zimmermann at Augsburg in the sixteenth century, referred to by Vauban in the seventeenth century, and well known to military engineers by the mid-eighteenth century. Notable use of permanent fougasse installations intended for coastal defence were carved into the limestone by the Knights of St. John on Malta. This technique was used in several European wars, the American Revolution, and the American Civil War. The term is still used to describe such devices.