Fourth Geneva Convention

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The Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (French: Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre), more commonly referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention or Geneva Convention IV (abbreviated as GCIV), is one of the four treaties of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. It was adopted on 12 August 1949, and came into force in October 1950. While the first three 1949 conventions dealt with combatants, Geneva Convention IV was the first to deal with humanitarian protections for civilians during war. GCIV defines humanitarian protections for civilians. As of 2010 there were 196 countries party to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, including this and the three other treaties. Geneva Convention IV only concerns protected civilians in occupied territory rather than the effects of hostilities, such as the strategic bombing during World War II. Among its mass amount of provisions, GCIV explicitly prohibits the transfer of the population of an occupying power into the territory it occupies. The Additional Protocol I of 1977 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (API) prohibits all intentional attacks on "the civilian population and civilian objects." It also prohibits and defines "indiscriminate attacks" as "incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated." This rule is referred to by scholars as the principle of proportionality. Until well after World War II ended in 1945, the norm of reciprocity provided a justification for conduct in armed conflict. In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted a report from the Secretary-General and a Commission of Experts which concluded that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of customary international humanitarian law, thus making them binding on non-signatories...