Warsh

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ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAmr ibn Sulaymān ibn Ibrāhīm al-Qurashī al-Miṣrī (Arabic: عثمان ابن سعيد ابن عبدالله ابن عمرو ابن سليمان ابن إبراهيم القرشي المصري, 110 AH / 728 CE - 197 AH / 813 CE) commonly known by his epithet Warsh ([/warʃ/]) was an Egyptian scholar of Qurʾānic recitation and one of the two principal transmitters of the reading (qirāʾah) of Nāfiʿ al-Madanī, the other being Qālūn. He is known by the nickname (laqab) Warsh, given to him by his teacher Nāfiʿ in reference to his striking fair complexion. Born and raised in Egypt, Warsh traveled to Madīnah in 155 AH to study under Nāfiʿ, with whom he completed multiple full recitations of the Qurʾān. He returned to Egypt, where he established a recitation place (maqraʾ) that bore his name and became the foremost authority in Qurʾānic recitation in the region. His transmission was carried forward primarily through two students, Abū Yaʿqūb al-Azraq and Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Aṣbahānī, the latter's path being the most widely recited today. The recitation of Warsh spread across North and West Africa through the influence of Andalusian and Mālikī scholarship, and remains to this day the dominant mode of Qurʾānic recitation in Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, and much of West Africa. It has also shaped the orthographic conventions of ʿAjamī writing systems across the Sahel and West Africa. He died in Cairo in 197 AH / 813 CE and was reburied in November 2025 behind the dome of Imām al-Shāfiʿī, where a new dome was constructed for him.