Xianyun

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The Xianyun (simplified Chinese: 猃狁; traditional Chinese: 獫狁, 玁狁; pinyin: Xiǎnyǔn; Wade–Giles: Hsien-yün; Old Chinese: (ZS) *g.ramʔ-lunʔ; (Schuessler) *hɨamᴮ-juinᴮ < *hŋamʔ-junʔ) was an ancient nomadic tribe that invaded the Zhou dynasty. This Chinese exonym is written with xian 獫 or 玁 'long-snouted dog', and this 'dog' radical 犭 is commonly used in graphic pejorative characters. Xianyun was the preferred designation for northern tribes during the Zhou dynasty, earlier designations being the Xunyu, Guifang (Xia and Shang dynasties), and later ones being the Xiongnu, during the Han dynasty. The Xianyun appear to have been a fairly structured society occupying a broad expanse from the Hetao area of the Yellow River to the Upper Yellow River valley. Xianyun society was fairly uniform culturally, with a high level of concentration at the top, and was capable of coordinated action against the Zhou dynasty. "Xianyun" was probably their self-designated endonym, while the Zhou tended to call them using the general term Rong, (戎, "Warlike people"). These terms were rather interchangeable: a poem probably composed during the reign of Yih (899–892 BC) describes incursions alternatively by the Rong (戎) and the Di (狄), and concludes that the Xianyu destroyed everything. The Xianyun used bronze objects, such as bronze helmets, spears, ding (鼎) and pu (铺) vessels, which were captured and recorded by the Zhou and cast into their own ding ceremonial vessels, all during the reigns of Yih and Xiao (899–886 BC). Like the Zhou, they also used war chariots, up to 400 in one offensive. They attacked the vicinity of the capital Haojing (modern Xi'an), all during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou (827/25–782 BC).