Z80 instruction set

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The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976. The instruction set was designed to be upward binary compatible with the Intel 8080. Intel 8080 instructions are one to three bytes long whereas the Z80 requires up to four bytes per instruction. Zilog continued to expand the instruction set of the Z80 with several successors including the Z180, Z280, and Z380. The latest iteration, the eZ80, was introduced in 2001 and was available for purchase as of 2025. The instruction set also appears on non-Zilog CPUs such as the Hitachi HD64180, Mitsui R800, and the Eastern Bloc U880. The Z80 uses 252 out of the available 256 codes as single byte opcodes (the "root instructions"), most of which are inherited from the 8080. The four remaining codes are used extensively as opcode prefixes: CB and ED enable extra instructions, and DD or FD select IX or IY respectively in place of HL. This scheme gives the Z80 a large number of permutations of instructions and registers. Zilog categorizes these into 158 different "instruction types", 78 of which are the same as those of the Intel 8080.