Zahiri school

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The Zahiri school or Zahirism, also known as Ahl al-Dhahir or Ahl al-Wahi, is a school of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. The school's name derives from the Arabic dhāhir (ظاهر), meaning "apparent" or "manifest", reflecting its emphasis on the apparent meaning of the Qur'ān and Sunnah. Dawud al-Zahiri, one of its earliest proponents, likewise took his epithet from this approach. The school flourished in Spain during the Caliphate of Córdoba under the leadership of Ibn Hazm. It was also followed by the majority of Muslims in Mesopotamia, Portugal, the Balearic Islands, and North Africa. The Zahiri school lost its presence around the 14th-century. The school is considered to be endangered, but it continues to exert influence over legal thought. Today it is followed by minority communities in Morocco and Pakistan. The Zahiri school is characterized by strict adherence to textual evidence and reliance on the outward (ẓāhir) meaning of expressions in the Quran and a limited amount of ḥadīth literature; the consensus (ijmāʿ) of the first generation of Muhammad's closest companions (ṣaḥāba) excluding the scholars, for sources of Islamic law (sharīʿa); and rejection of analogical deduction (qiyās) and societal custom or knowledge (urf), used by other schools of Islamic jurisprudence, although the anti-Hazm wing of Zahiris sometimes accept Qiyas Al Jali and usually religious inference (istidlāl). After a limited success and decline in the Middle East, the Zahiri school flourished in Islamic Iberia, particularly under the leadership of the Andalusian Muslim jurist Ibn Hazm. The Zahiri school is said to have lingered on in various locations under various manifestations before being superseded by the Hanbali school.