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An invitation to tender (ITT, also known as a call for bids or a request for tenders) is a formal, structured procedure for generating competing offers from different potential suppliers or contractors looking to obtain an award of business activity in works, supply, or service contracts, often from companies who have been previously assessed for suitability by means of a supplier questionnaire (SQ) or pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ). Unlike a request for proposal (RFP), which is used when a company sources for business proposals, ITTs are used when a government or company does not require the submission of an original business proposal and is looking solely to award a contract based on the best tender submitted. As a result, whereas ITTs are often decided based on the best price offered, decisions on RFPs may also involve other considerations such as technology and innovation. Both are forms of reverse auction. At the same time, variant bids may be requested in an ITT, which allow suppliers to offer proposals which differ in non-essential terms from the supplies or services requested. The European Commission has suggested that requesting variants is one way in which suppliers can be asked to offer more socially responsible solutions to meeting public needs, and they may provide a means of offering innovative solutions to client needs. The UK government has advised that where variant bids are invited, suppliers might also be asked to provide a compliant bid, which can be compared with other suppliers' compliant bids for evaluation purposes. The government's guidance on this matter also observes that submitting two bids in this manner "will increase suppliers' bid costs and may act as a disincentive to innovation". Public sector organisations in many countries are legally obliged to release tenders for works and services. In the majority of cases, these...