Rotten ice

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Rotten ice or candle ice is a loose term for ice that is melting or structurally disintegrating due to being honeycombed by liquid water, air, or contaminants trapped between the initial growth of ice crystals. It may appear transparent or splotchy grey, and it is generally found after spring or summer thaws, presenting a danger to those traveling or spending time in outdoor recreation. The increase of rotten ice vs. solid ice in the Arctic affects ocean-atmosphere heat transfer and year-to-year ice formation, as well as the lives of the Inuit, sea mammals such as walrus and polar bear, and the microorganisms that live inside the ice. Rotten ice has a subtype called "candle ice", which has a columnar structure. Like other rotten ice, it poses a hazard to humans due to its lack of structure. Compared to solid ice, rotten ice has "high porosity and enhanced permeability." This porosity facilitates "large convective transport of nutrients, salt and heat at the onset of fall freeze-up," which Algal bloom may also contribute. It forms on open water when snowpack and ice are mixed together or when polar ice melts during the spring or summer. If saturated with water, rotten ice may look dark or transparent, similar to new black ice, but otherwise it may look grey and splotchy. Though rotten ice may appear strong, it is weak—even several feet thick may not hold a person's weight.