Bloch sphere

In quantum mechanics and computing, the Bloch sphere is a geometrical representation of the pure state space of a two-level quantum mechanical system (qubit), named after the physicist Felix Bloch. Mathematically each quantum mechanical system is associated with a separable complex Hilbert space H {\displaystyle H} . A pure state of a quantum system is represented by a non-zero vector ψ {\displaystyle \psi } in H {\displaystyle H} . The vectors ψ {\displaystyle \psi } and λ ψ {\displaystyle \lambda \psi } (with λ {\displaystyle \lambda } a non-zero complex number) represent the same state. A system with n mutually orthogonal quantum states can be described by a Hilbert space of dimension n. Pure states can be represented as equivalence classes, or, rays in a projective Hilbert space P ( H n ) = C P n − 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} (H_{n})=\mathbb {C} \mathbf {P} ^{n-1}} . For a two-dimensional Hilbert space, the space of all such states is the complex projective line C P 1 . {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \mathbf {P} ^{1}.} This is the Bloch sphere, which can be mapped to the Riemann sphere. The Bloch sphere is a unit 2-sphere, with antipodal points corresponding to a pair of mutually orthogonal state vectors. The north and south poles of the Bloch sphere are typically chosen to correspond to the standard basis vectors | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } and | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } , respectively, which in turn might correspond e.g. to the spin-up and spin-down states of an electron. This choice is arbitrary, however. The points on the surface of the sphere correspond to the pure states of the system, whereas the interior points correspond to the mixed states. The Bloch sphere may be generalized to an n-level quantum system, but then the visualization...